Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions This study investigates and tries to determine which of the individual components of memory are altered by marijuana. It has long been established that acute marijuana use impairs working memory of humans and animals. The previous studies focused on how marijuana affected memory on global terms like word recall, digit recall and paired associate word memory. By employing the delayed matching-to-sample method, the researchers attempted to distinguish whether acute marijuana smoking altered the delay-dependent and delay-independent components of memory. The study is a first in this field and with the use of human subjects; a similar research was carried out using pigeons and a cholinergic drug. Need essay sample on "Marijuana Effects on Human Forgetting Functions" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The experiment was carried out with seven subjects but two were dropped from the experiment as they did not meet the requirements of the study. The subjects were recruited thru newspaper advertisement and were adequately compensated for their participation in the study. The subjects were identified as occasional marijuana users and used one more drug in the past. They were required to not use any other drug during the duration of the experiment as checked by a daily urine analysis. This was necessary to rule out any potential interaction with the marijuana and other drug which may affect the results of the experiment. The apparatus and materials used in the study consisted of a chamber made of plexiglass for the smoking administration. Subjects were directed to smoke marijuana in predetermined sequence. The subject had an ashtray, a pair of tweezers for smoking and subjects were connected to an oscillometric blood pressure and pulse monitor and a carbon monoxide indicator. The subject was cued by a computer monitor as to the smoking protocol. For the experimental test sessions, the subject worked in a chamber alone with a VGA monitor and mouse. The experimental events and data collection was recorded by remote software. The subject had two sessions for the experiment, the smoking and the experimental testing with the DMTS tasks. For the behavioral testing procedure, subjects were seated in the designed chamber. A detailed instruction was read to them and they were to work with the VGA monitor and mouse. The software recorded all the responses of the subject in the delayed match-to-sample tasks as well as controlled the sequence and schedule of the tasks. For the marijuana smoking, subjects smoked a placebo, a low dose and a high dose cigarette. Subjects were instructed to smoke, hold their breath, inhale or exhale in different sequences and timing. The number of inhalation and dose was monitored till subjects reached the state of acute marijuana intoxication. Doses were given in ascending order with intervening placebo after each high and low dose. After smoking marijuana subjects were asked to answer a self-report cardiovascular measure that was composed of subjective effects of marijuana. The results of the experiment showed that the acute administration of smoked marijuana to adult humans produced changes in rates of forgetting but not in initial discriminability. The study found evidence that the impairments were due to the delay interval length of tasks. It was observed that the intoxication of marijuana increased the rate of forgetting functions in all subjects. With the DMTS procedure, the researcher was able to determine the mechanism at which marijuana affected memory performance. The findings of the study shed light on how marijuana affects the cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus giving evidence that the hippocampus indeed play a major role in memory functions. Moreover, this study helped identify the different components of human memory that are affected by the drug, thus using marijuana in some medical conditions may not be the bets option as it compromises the memory functioning of the patient. Lastly, the study showed that biological and behavioral aspects interact in memory processes, thus cognitive abilities can be impaired by prolonged marijuana use. This study as an experiment using human subjects and using a potentially harmful substance has some ethical issues. Considering that subjects volunteered for the experiment but the advertisement as a behavioral research was misleading. Although subjects had prior experience in smoking marijuana, the potential hazard of exposing the subjects to acute marijuana smoking within the six week period carries far greater threat than the objectives of the study. The experiment though had sophisticated apparatus and materials and was innovative in using the delayed-dependent and delayed-independent measures but it is not clear on how they did this. Reference Lane, S., Cherek, D., Lieving, L. 1 pp 67-83

Law of Constant Composition Lab Essay Essays

Law of Constant Composition Lab Essay Essays Law of Constant Composition Lab Essay Paper Law of Constant Composition Lab Essay Paper Purpose: To find the per centum Mg by mass in Mg oxide and to detect if the per centum composing is changeless by comparing category consequences. Hypothesis/Prediction: The per centum composing by mass of Mg in Mg oxide will non alter significantly with each group that conducted the experiment. The composing of each substance should remain the same and any differences must be due to some mistake. Materials: Magnesium stripCrucibleCrucible coverClay triangleIron ringRetort standTongsBalanceBunsen burnerProcedure:1. obtained a strip of Mg between 30-40 centimeter long2. coiled Mg strip into a tight roll3. measured the mass of the crucible and cover4. Added the Mg strip to the crucible and measured the Mg. crucible and cover together. 5. Partially covered the crucible with the screen and heated it utilizing a Bunsen burner until the Mg ignited. 6. Turned off Bunsen burner. 7. waited for burning to proceed8. when the reaction appeared completed. heated the melting pot once more for another five minutes9. allowed crucible to chill for 10 minutes10. measured the mass of the crucible. screen and magnesium oxideObservations: When ignited. the Mg strip gave off a bright visible radiation. There was a color alteration on the Mg. It started out as Ag and turned into a white coloring material. The burning gave off a distinguishable smell. The terminal consequence was a white pulverization but some Mg had been left in its original form. Harmonizing to the theory of J. L. Proust. a compound ever has the same per centum composing no affair how it is prepared. For all three of our ain single groups tests. we obtained the same per centum composing and this satisfies Prousts theory. This is besides accurate with what we have read in the text edition Chemistry 11 on the Law of Definite Proportions on pages 147 150. 2. What decision can you do upon the category consequences? The decisions I can do based upon the category consequences are that the composing of a compound must change because everyone had a different reply. In most instances. the per centum composing of Mg in the compound was really different from what my group achieved. However. sometimes. the categories consequences were rather similar to my ain. The theory that C. M. Berthollet introduced about the composing of a compound was that a compound has an infinite figure of composings depending on the proportions of the constituents that were used in its readying. His theory satisfies the consequences obtained from the whole category. Since every group had a different sum of Mg they must besides hold had a different composing of Mg in the compound formed. Mg oxide. However. this is inconsistent with what we have been taught and with what is written in the text edition. Since the text edition is a more dependable beginning of information. I must reason that the ground for this difference in consequences may be attributed to error on the portion of the pupils carry oning the experiment. 3. Which Gallic Scientist would you be given to back up? Explain. The Gallic scientist that I support is J. L. Proust. I agree with Marcel prousts theory because I believe that if the composing of a substance were to alter. so would its belongingss. An obvious illustration of this is one stated in the text edition: H2O and H peroxide. The simple add-on of a H atom to the compound of H2O can do a liquid that is indispensable to life go lifelessly. Since I know that the per centum composing of a peculiar substance is the same no affair where. how or when it is made. I must hold with J. L Proust and back up his theory. Beginnings of ErrorOne ground why a pupil may hold obtained a higher per centum of Mg than the remainder of the category is: during the experiment. mass must hold been lost. This could hold been done in many ways. Often. the Mg took excessively long to light and pupils began to set it directly into the fire to light it and so put it back into the crucible. Sometimes. the Mg wilted and small pieces of it broke off. In add-on. the Mg would sometimes light and so snuff out itself. In the changeless remotion of the Mg from the crucible. mass was lost in the signifier of ashes. When mass is lost during the experiment. the entire mass of the compound is lower and when the mass of Mg was divided by the entire mass. yielded a higher per centum of Mg. One ground why a pupil may hold obtained a lower per centum of Mg than the remainder of the category is: the Mg did non decently combust. In many instances. the Mg would snuff out itself and would non fire wholly. This resulted in some white pulverization. ash. and some Mg still in the same form that it was when we began the experiment. This suggests that it did non fire with the remainder of the Mg thread and hence. did non organize the compound with O. This would give in a higher entire mass than what it should hold been and when the mass of Mg is divided by the entire mass. would give a lower per centum. The undermentioned computation shows the existent per centum of Magnesium in the compound Mg oxide. Molar mass of MgO = 24. 3 + 16. 0= 40. 3For 1. 00 mol of MgO: % Mg = 24. 3 / 40. 3 ten 100= 60. 3 % Therefore. the existent per centum value of Mg in MgO is 60 % The undermentioned computation shows the per centum mistake for my ain groups result % mistake = ( experimental accepted ) / accepted ten 100= ( 72 60 ) / 60 ten 100= 20 % Therefore the per centum mistake for my group was 20 % . ConclusionBased on the informations collected by each group. the composing of a substance must alter depending on the proportions of the constituents that were used in its readying. However. as explained earlier. the text edition and the belongingss of affair province otherwise. Scientifically. if the composing of a compound was to alter. so would its belongingss. The consequences obtained by the category are rather the antonym of what has already been proven by Proust to be true and hence. I believe that the grounds obtained by our chemical science category is the consequence of many errors and can non be used to convey the thought of the Law of Constant Composition which states that the composing of a specific compound is changeless.

Media writing - Feature Story (media newspaper or magazine) Essay

Media writing - Feature Story (media newspaper or magazine) - Essay Example Modernising the dating domain as we recognise it, these Internet sanctuaries are reconstructing the boundaries of love and the search of love, from all over the world. â€Å"We’re trying to reach the whole world—people of all spiritual orientations, all political philosophies, all racial background,† (Kornblum 2005: para 10) declares Neil Clark Warren, originator of one of the largest on-line dating sites in the world, eHarmony.com. So how does on-line dating works? She met him on the Internet, his screen name was Gizzy. He only knew her by his first name, Sarah. They have not met each other personally. But they immediately knew that they are destined for each other, merely by communicating through the Internet. â€Å"We always have a lively conversation and I miss it every time,† reveals Michael Thompson, 43, a retail store manager who met his soul mate through an on-line chat room. â€Å"I always feel that she is very close to me every time we chat. When I heard her voice for the first time I promised to myself that I will do everything to make her mine.† Seattle supermall saleslady Sarah Martin spent the whole night chatting on-line, from 7 p.m. to 12 a.m. They then decided to call each other on their mobile phones. The couple talked throughout the rest of the next morning exchanging funny and embarrassing stories about each other. Sarah decided to give her address to Michael, and the latter was in Sarah’s doorstep the next day. One month later, the couple got married. â€Å"I enjoyed talking to him on the phone, and I really loved his humour,† says Sarah, a 35-year-old who works as a saleslady for a supermall in Seattle. â€Å"It’s funny but we started talking about our future together. Then he asked me if I am ready to settle down. I said ‘Of course, why not!’ Then we finally got married after a month. It was a very solemn wedding†. While it is seldom for a man and a woman who have not met each other face-to-face, and who are not aware of each

GM Food Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GM Food - Annotated Bibliography Example The statistics therein would provide information to validate such criticisms. In this article, the authors argue for safety of GM foods which they refer to as genetically engineered, GE foods. With a background of what GM foods are and their production, the authors appreciate that genetic modification of crops could pose a threat to human health. However, it refutes that the GE foods in distribution are a threat to human health. The article argues against the traditional approaches of examining safety of GM foods on animals as being impractical and as such recommends modern scientific approaches. Such approaches are used by various agencies in the US responsible for regulation of GM foods hence their safety. This is a useful article to affirm that GM foods in distribution are safe and refute findings from studies on animals being inferred to humans noting that GM foods pose health

Nature vs. Nurture essayPosted by admin as Essays Essay Example for Free

Nature vs. Nurture essayPosted by admin as Essays Essay The natural characteristics of a person can either be quite similar or quite different to the unnatural characteristics of a person. The natural characteristics of a person are the traits that come from their parents; the ones that people are born with which are genetical. These traits are developed biologically. The unnatural characteristics of a person, or the nurtured characteristics, are the traits that people develop themselves after they are born. The environment of a person’s life greatly determines their personality. The traits a person has that they weren’t born with are the traits that the environment has influenced on them. There are many traits that I have inherited naturally through genetics from my mom and dad. I can tell that my work ethic has been inherited from my dad because he is a very hard worker and I also strive to achieve my personal best. My mom tends to be very sensitive at times and concerned for other people’s feelings, which I know, I have inherited. I have also inherited my dad’s super mathematical skills and my mom’s artistic abilities. I can also tell that I have inherited a good sense of well being from my mom. There are also many behaviors that I have developed from the environment I grew up in. I have learned to respect all people from being influenced at school and by my parents. I’ve also been trained to be responsible of things such as doing my work. I learned that if I am not responsible and don’t do my work, then I must pay bad consequences. I have also learned from experiences that if I do what I am supposed to do, I may be rewarded for it. I have been influenced to do something that will benefit myself and be rewarded for good things done. My environment has influenced me in many ways to act upon certain things automatically. Things like looking both ways before crossing the street, or other things that appear to be common sense are learned from nurture. I believe that my personality is a combination of both nature and nurture. I think that I am probably more nurtured though. I have gone through many experiences in which I have learned different lessons. These lessons have taught me how to act in my life. I know that I am a very different person than my mom or my dad. I don’t have very much in common with either of them. Although we do share some of the same aspects, I feel that I am more different from them than alike. I have developed the majority of my social skills from my friends and not my parents. Most of my social life revolves around my friends, who have influenced me in a lot of the decisions I make and in the way I act. I don’t socialize with my parents nearly as much as I do with my peers. I don’t think I know my parents well enough to say if I am like them when they are around their friends or not though. My personality is also partly nature though because I find that I do think like my parents sometimes. Most of the time I find that I think more like my friends because I am around them a lot more. My parents and I share a lot of the same opinions too, and not just because I grew up thinking the same way they do. The nature and nurture of a person can vary greatly. Sometimes there are certain things that are hard to decide whether they are inherited or learned. I might share some qualities with my parents, but they could just be characteristics that I learned in my life that my parents also learned in their lives too and weren’t inherited. I believe that genes indicate the potential for one’s behavior and personality, and that the environment helps create the extent as to how that behavior is carried out.

COPs and their Disadvantages

COPs and their Disadvantages Manage the mutual relationship by fostering institutional cooperation and coordination. Such cooperation could take place simply through information exchanges between treaty bodies, or in a more ambitious form comprising joint planning of programmes or even the coordination of substantive decision-making or implementation activities. It argues that this soft alternative also has its limitations, which can be explained by incongruent memberships and limited legal mandates. It appears that while the treaty bodies of the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol have been rather passive on the issue of the relationship with the biodiversity convention, the CBD COP has actively sought to manage the interactions between the regimes. Since the adoption of this decision, however, there have been no major efforts to manage interactions between the two treaties. The CBD parties, in contrast, have adopted various decisions on biodiversity and climate change. These decisions have been instrumental in highlighting biodiversity concerns in UNFCCC decisions but have not led to strong references to biodiversity in the climate regimes decisions on forests. Although the institutional cooperation efforts to address the interactions between the climate and biodiversity regime are clearly intensifying, their effects are as of yet uncertain: at best, they can be seen as creating mutual awareness and building capacity at various levels; at worst, they can be viewed as an exercise in rhetoric. First, any effort by actors in one reg ime to influence rule development in another will be limited by the extent to which memberships are congruent. In this case, an important barrier is that the United States is a party to the UNFCCC, but not to the CBD. A broad mandate for the climate regimes treaty or administrative bodies to cooperate with the CBD could lead to the perception that state sovereignty is eroded by importing concepts or rules from the CBD.304 A submission by the United States to the UNFCCC seems to confirm this fear. Commenting on the paper concerning options for enhanced cooperation prepared by the Joint Liaison Group in 2004, the United States notes that the Rio Conventions have a distinct legal character, mandate and membership.305 Although this limitation may not have to hold for the Kyoto Protocol-to which the United States is not a party after all-the secretariats mandate for cooperation is determined by the UNFCCC COP rather than the Kyoto Protocols COP/MOP. More generally, it shows that parties in the climate regime may not be ready to give biodiversity conservation a more prominent place at the expense of achieving cost-effective emission reductions. Legal solutions The notion of conflict resolution leads to the second explanation of why legal techniques are not necessarily the most appropriate means to manage regime interactions: it is not always desirable that one norm prevails over another. Yet such a view ignores the notion that different treaties may pursue similar or overlapping objectives. This is particularly pertinent in the field of international environmental law. In the context of the interactions between the climate and biodiversity regimes, this would mean that any satisfactory resolution needs to result in further greenhouse gas emission reductions, while simultaneously ensuring the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. My main point is that the focus on normative conflict has overshadowed the idea that norms may also reinforce each other. There is, for instance, a strong argument for using the concept of sustainable development as an overarching objective for international environmental law, and perhaps even internati onal law more generally. The ILC Study Group report has not completely ignored this critique. In its discussion of conflict clauses, the report acknowledges that in some cases it is necessary to put in place a clause that avoids a straightforward priority and instead seeks to coordinate the simultaneous application of the two treaties as far as possible. This is in line with Chambers, who suggests that [t]here is a need to create a positive rule of cooperation . . . which promotes treaty negotiators and treaty interpreters to maintain consistency between treaties. too narrowly focused on conflicts. Conflict resolution rules resulting in a hierarchical relationship of norms may still be useful in conflicts between legal regimes with incompatible objectives, but management of interactions between environmental treaties more generally may be better achieved through conflict avoidance techniques, as well as institutional cooperation and coordination. http://www.glogov.org/images/doc/WP30.pdf It concludes that neither legal nor political approaches are a panacea for interplay management. However, there is potential for the one approach to address the gaps in the other. Whereas international law does not address synergies between environmental treaties, strengthened political coordination and cooperation between them could. It is worth investigating further how international law and politics can work together in reaping synergies and addressing conflicts between multilateral regimes on climate change. In short, the very nature of climate change as an issue of sustainable development makes it almost impossible to capture all relevant aspects under a single legal regime, necessitating the consideration of interactions with other regimes. Similarly, it is not always necessary for two treaties to state their mutual supportiveness in order for States to implement them in a synergetic fashion. The main questions for international lawyers are: 1) can a conflict be established?; and 2) if so, which treaty prevails? CONFLICT CLAUSES The starting point in addressing conflicts is examining whether States have sought to regulate these through so-called conflict clauses (Pauwelyn 2003). The purpose of these clauses is to clarify the relation between treaties, thus preventing contradictions. This can be achieved, for example, by providing that existing treaties prevail or that a new agreement prevails over existing ones (Wolfrum and Matz 2003). It would not be advisable for the Paris agreement to rely on the adoption of conflict clauses due to their prioritising nature which doesnt conform to scientific management. In contrast, the climate agreements contain several clauses that regulate their relation with other multilateral treaties. With regard to the Montreal Protocol, the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol delimit their scope by only covering greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Thereby, the climate agreements express awareness of the substantive interlinkages between the problems of climate change and ozone layer depletion, as some ozone-depleting substances are also greenhouse gases. However, it does not in itself prevent or resolve conflicts.ÂÂ   Another clause is relevant for an issue that has garnered much attention, namely the use of carbon sinks in the Kyoto Protocols Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Forestry projects are to a limited extent eligible for emission reduction credits under the CDM rules. However, it is feared that these rules do not ensure the protection of biodiversity and the prevention of land degradation, and could hence conflict with objectives and obligations of other environmental treaties Although this provision does not state which agreements need to be taken into account, it is reasonable to assume that given the role of forests and wetlands as sinks, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands are relevant. Additionally, the membership of these agreements should be taken into account: it is difficult to see how an agreement can be relevant for a Party that has not signed or ratified it. However, it is unclear what precisely is meant with taking into account, leaving open the question which treaty would prevail in case of a conflict. TREATY INTERPRETATION Treaty interpretation is an important method that can be applied by diplomats and dispute settlement bodies to harmonise two norms that seem to be in conflict. Art 31 VCLT provides gives basic interpretation rules, stipulating that a treatys ordinary meaning, its context, and its object and purpose should be taken into consideration. It also gives more dynamic interpretation rules, which determine that interpretation should take into account a) any subsequent agreement between the Parties on interpretation of the treaty, b) any subseque nt practice in the application of the treaty, and c) any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties. CONFLICT RESOLUTION RULES Article 30 VCLT provides rules on the resolution of conflicts. An apparent limitation of this provision is that it only applies to treaties relating to the same subject matter (Article 30.1 VCLT). Of course, application then depends on how one defines subject matter. On the one hand, if this is seen as broad as protection of the environment, Article 30 could theoretically apply to conflicts between the UNFCCC and CBD. The previous section has shown that international law does not particularly aim at enhancing synergies between treaties. Stokke (2001) points to the relevance of institutional coordination and cooperation in dealing with interactions. This could take place simply through information exchange between treaty bodies, or in a more ambitious form of comprising joint planning of programmes or even the coordina tion of substantive decision-making or implementation activities The climate regime has become increasingly involved in this form of interplay management.

Marries Is Better Than Being Single Essay

There are lots of discussion and arguments about to being single or getting married nowadays. The new generation might not willing to bound into marriage life and they wish to remain in single life so they can have more privacy, freedom and the commitment of   responsibilities. However, marriage is union ordained by God and it is also a wonderful union of two people in love. It is unique, opposite-sex union with legal, social, economic and spiritual dimensions. Getting married does bring a lot of advantages to a person either family. The biggest advantage for getting married is emotional stability. Married people treat their own family as shelter and they can feel secure and relax when staying together with their family. Family provides a peace and comfort zone for those married people to restore their energy. Marriage can helps the couple to become more tolerant, unselfish, caring and more responsible. Its provide a chances for the husband and wife to grow with and sharing their life’s challenges, rewards and sorrows with a person who actually knows and understand what you going through and feels the same frequency. There are a lots of difficulties have to learn by marriage people as that is not easiest to living with someone for the rest of their life. They have to overcome all the problems facing by them and to learn how to take care of others feeling, patience, emotion control, temper, time management and attitude towards their family. In a marriage life, there are always someone’s to hear your companions. It is good to have someone there to have a share, to bounce ideas or to have a witty exchange of remarks. Companionship among the married peoples also offers support and can be particularly important at times of trouble or stress. At such times, married people have distinct advantages over being single. The other advantage for marriage is that allows couples to pool their both incomes to share the cost of living and debts, save more money for retirement and doing investment. The married people can also sharing a house, car and food so they can enjoy save cost for basic living conditions compare with a single person. Therefore, people who are married become less poverty but more wealth and their money goes further. It is because, they tend to specialize, exchange, and share roles and functions in ways to generate higher earnings, encourage savings, helping each other’s to restrain from impulse spending, and generally leave the family financially better off. Marriage can also leads to better health and greater longevity for people. There are more likely to enjoy better physical health. The spouses are intimately aware of and impacted by their spouse’s choices. In a sense, couples have a significant vested interest in watching out for one another and encouraging healthy choices and behaviour. For example, the wife might not allow her husband drinking, smoking or other unnecessary risk-taking and also control his weights. Compared to single, divorced or widowed people, the married people experience less depression, anxiety, and other types of psychological distress. Besides, the married people will have active, satisfying and safety sex lives compared with single people. The married people tend to have more sex because it costs them less in time, money and psychic energy. They have find it more satisfying because their sex partner is more available, less distracted, more eager and more secure and able to please. The higher levels of satisfaction for married couples is related to the fact that marriage adds meaning to the sexual act because it symbolizes a union that is based on sexual fidelity, stronger commitment and emotional intimacy. It had increased their commitment and their sense of responsibility, and had generally strengthened their relationships. In addition, the married life can brings greater safety towards the married people and expand their social network. It’s because, the married people have companion to visit places together, visit friends or holiday together. For the single person, that is far more difficult as often modern social life is geared around ‘couples’ and the single person can often feel left out or sometimes, simply not invited. At times, perhaps, having children might seem to impede their social life but it just brings a change in your social life and much of that social life involves being with your children. Lastly, married people will create a family with a new and challenging life instead of boring life compared with single people. Families are created and held together by the lifelong commitment of a man and a woman who live cooperatively and raise and nurture the children born to them. Families are the building block essential to the formation of a community, and strong social structure arises from the foundation many families provide. A thriving society and culture depend on stable marriages. For example, as marriage declines in a culture,  the state must spend more money and care for children who less of the financial stability with divorce family background. Strong marriages statuses are at the heart of thriving family and community. In conclusion, getting married is better than being single as there married leads to emotional stability, financial stability, train the couples become more independent and responsible, better health and greater longevity, have wonderful sexual life, easy to expand social networks and have a new challenging life instead of boring life compared to single people. Getting married is not an easy but it does bring a lot of meaningful to individuals, family and the community.

History of Gladiatorial Games Essay

History of gladiatorial games Origins Early literary sources seldom agree on the origins of gladiators and the gladiator games.[1] In the late 1st century BC, Nicolaus of Damascus believed they were Etruscan.[2] A generation later, Livy wrote that they were first held in 310 BC by the Campanians in celebration of their victory over the Samnites.[3] Long after the games had ceased, the 7th century AD writer Isidore of Seville derived Latin lanista (manager of gladiators) from the Etruscan word for â€Å"executioner,† and the title of Charon (an official who accompanied the dead from the Roman gladiatorial arena) from Charun, psychopomp of the Etruscan underworld.[4] Roman historians emphasized the gladiator games as a foreign import, most likely Etruscan. This preference informed most standard histories of the Roman games in the early modern era.[5] Reappraisal of the evidence supports a Campanian origin, or at least a borrowing, for the games and gladiators.[6] The earliest known Roman gladiator schools (ludi) were in Campania.[7] Tomb frescoes from Paestum (4th century BC) show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiatory funeral blood-rite that anticipates early Roman gladiator games.[8] Compared to these images, supporting evidence from Etruscan tomb-paintings is tentative and late. The Paestum frescoes may represent the continuation of a much older tradition, acquired or inherited from Greek colonists of the 8th century BC.[9] Livy dates the earliest Roman gladiator games to 264 BC, in the early stages of Rome’s First Punic War against Carthage. Decimus Iunius Brutus Scaeva had three gladiator pairs fight to the death in Rome’s â€Å"cattle market† Forum (Forum Boarium) to honor his dead father, Brutus Pera. This is described as a munus (plural: munera), a commemorative duty owed the manes of a dead ancestor by his descendants.[10] The gladiator type used (according to a single, later source), was Thracian.[11] but the development of the munus and its gladiator types was most strongly influenced by Samnium’s support for Hannibal and subsequent punitive expeditions by Rome and her Campanian allies; the earliest and most frequently mentioned type was the Samnite.[12] The war in Samnium, immediately afterwards, was attended with equal danger and an equally glorious conclusion. The enemy, besides their other warlike preparation, had made their battle-line to glitter with new and splendid arms. There were two corps: the shields of the one were inlaid with gold, of the other with silver†¦The Romans had already heard of these splendid accoutrements, but their generals had taught them that a soldier should be rough to look on, not adorned with gold and silver but putting his trust in iron and in courage†¦The Dictator, as decreed by the senate, celebrated a triumph, in which by far the finest show was afforded by the captured armour. So the Romans made use of the splendid armour of their enemies to do honour to their gods; while the Campanians, in consequence of their pride and in hatred of the Samnites, equipped after this fashion the gladiators who furnished them entertainment at their feasts, and bestowed on them the name Samnites. (Livy 9. 40)[13] Livy’s account skirts the funereal, sacrificial function of early Roman gladiator combats and underlines the later theatrical ethos of the gladiator show: splendidly, exotically armed and armoured barbarians, treacherous and degenerate, are dominated by Roman iron and native courage.[14] His plain Romans virtuously dedicate the magnificent spoils of war to the Gods. Their Campanian allies stage a dinner entertainment using gladiators who may not be Samnites, but play the Samnite role. Other groups and tribes would join the cast list as Roman territories expanded. Most gladiators were armed and armoured in the manner of the enemies of Rome.[15] The munus became a morally instructive form of historic enactment in which the only honourable option for the gladiator was to fight well, or else die well.

Free Essays on SNCC

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee became one of the most influential groups of the Civil Rights era. Through their efforts of making a difference at the grassroots level, SNCC’s membership was able to make changes that were not often noticed in the national stage, but in the personal lives of those oppressed in the Deep South. The members of SNCC were real people seeking to make real social change. During this time of change, the members of the SNCC allowed white people into their organization and in the end, was proven to be a vital aspect of their demise. The 1964 Freedom Summer was a violent summer, and by its end, SNCC was left in a near state of disarray. Thousands of volunteers had been mobilized, hundreds had been arrested, a few had been killed, and permanent staff members were overworked and short-tempered. SNCC had grown bigger than anyone had dreamed it would, and the time had come to assess the group's direction and focus. One issue that needed to be addressed was whether SNCC was going to embrace other issues of injustice, or continue devoting itself to the single goal of Black liberation. â€Å"Veteran SNCC workers rejected the use of white organizers in black communities on the grounds that this hindered the development of feelings of self-confidence among blacks (Carson, 299)†. Furthermore, the Summer Project was considered a success. Nevertheless, the tensions experienced left their mark on those involved, and ‘the summer marked the end of SNCC’s efforts to encourage white participation. However, whites continued to take 2 an interest, and SNCC welcomed nearly 80 whites who wished to stay on in Mississippi as full members. Although the idea of the ‘beloved community’ did not survive within SNCC, other organizations, notably SCLC, continued to promote white participation. On the surface, white participation was a natural phenomenon in a movement dedicated to integration in the light of ... Free Essays on SNCC Free Essays on SNCC The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee became one of the most influential groups of the Civil Rights era. Through their efforts of making a difference at the grassroots level, SNCC’s membership was able to make changes that were not often noticed in the national stage, but in the personal lives of those oppressed in the Deep South. The members of SNCC were real people seeking to make real social change. During this time of change, the members of the SNCC allowed white people into their organization and in the end, was proven to be a vital aspect of their demise. The 1964 Freedom Summer was a violent summer, and by its end, SNCC was left in a near state of disarray. Thousands of volunteers had been mobilized, hundreds had been arrested, a few had been killed, and permanent staff members were overworked and short-tempered. SNCC had grown bigger than anyone had dreamed it would, and the time had come to assess the group's direction and focus. One issue that needed to be addressed was whether SNCC was going to embrace other issues of injustice, or continue devoting itself to the single goal of Black liberation. â€Å"Veteran SNCC workers rejected the use of white organizers in black communities on the grounds that this hindered the development of feelings of self-confidence among blacks (Carson, 299)†. Furthermore, the Summer Project was considered a success. Nevertheless, the tensions experienced left their mark on those involved, and ‘the summer marked the end of SNCC’s efforts to encourage white participation. However, whites continued to take 2 an interest, and SNCC welcomed nearly 80 whites who wished to stay on in Mississippi as full members. Although the idea of the ‘beloved community’ did not survive within SNCC, other organizations, notably SCLC, continued to promote white participation. On the surface, white participation was a natural phenomenon in a movement dedicated to integration in the light of ...

Google Corporation Challenges in China

Google Corporation Challenges in China The case study of china involving a powerful Google corporation is an interesting social responsibility considering their business mission declaration â€Å"Don’t Be Evil†. The biggest challenge Google has to face is the fact that china offers an enormous profitable market considering its populace. There has to be a dilemma regarding marketing and the legal, cultural or ethical challenges that may be involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Google Corporation Challenges in China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culturally the case has set up a stepping-stone for the human rights activists who seem gagged by the government’s rules and regulations. The government reminds all the companies especially those involved with the transfer of information to the outside world to ensure strict abidance with its rules. The state’s control of the cyber space may have been involved with the threats plac ed by Google forcing them to consider pulling out of its services. According to Google, sophisticated and targeted cyber attacks seem to originate from the Chinese government in their aim to preview emails of human rights activists as a security measure. The aim of the Chinese government is to try to filter some internet contents to maintain a strong grip on power. The attack also hits other companies such as Yahoo and Adobe. The ethical challenge Google has to face entails its decisions during the 2006 search engine launch regarding business undertakings in china, where it agreed the government pronouncement to censor the search engine â€Å"Google.cn†. Arguably, Google played a role in enhancing conditions for the attack by giving in to the rule that encourage bullying of human rights by the government. According to the users in china, by leaving China, Google leaves its clients in a sober mood but equally, it is more painful to learn that it went against its principle of à ¢â‚¬Å"Don’t Be Evil† when it agreed to venture into China on condition of accepting censorship in 2006. The Google top executives (co-founders) Larry Page and Sergey Bin face an uphill task over deciding the way forward. They have to analyse the possibility of bleaching their terms of trade with the Chinese government, which can as well result to legal charges. If their break on the contract concerning the agreement for the government to monitor content causes internal security risks, then legal settlement regarding the matter might be inevitable. The legal risk involves braking China’s sophisticated network used to monitor and limit information through the fight for human rights of expression. (U.S. Department of State, 2010)Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As the saying goes, one’s man meat is another’s poison†. The agony G oogle managers’ faces in today’s global market has triggered their rival’s â€Å"Baidu† speculation of the move as a hypocritical and financially driven. According to the market research companies, financially they dismiss the move claiming Google’s failure to capture the market with an estimate of 15-30 percent of the users compared to the rival’s 70 percent. Arguably, Google may be aiming at a long-term strategy, where their opportunity lost will be the short-term revenue loss in China and the opportunity cost would be better and higher market penetration than the current situation. They would not wish to lose client’s trust totally, because the future endeavours to dominate the search and mail services. Their move therefore entails gaining people’s trust regarding mails, calls, storage of documents, pictures and other files as well as the web search services. The financial disaster can only be catalysed by lose of trust and not the short-term back off to strategize. A well-calculated move is the ultimate benefit. Considering the public snub of the Chinese authorities, Google risks other key U.S. companies and the government partnership in other business involvements in China. China is a potential exporter of a wide range of manufactured good for the U.S. consumers. References U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, â€Å"Background Note: China,† Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-china/

English Paper Essay I will upload for what is needed

English Paper I will upload for what is needed - Essay Example Terry Bisson is a fantasy author, best known for his short stories. Several of his stories are award winning. He also wrote several comic books including â€Å"Web of horror†, which is a horror comic magazine. â€Å"Bears discover fire† is one of the most preferred short science fiction stories. As claimed by the author, the story is exactly what its title suggests. Once upon a time in a place called Appalachia, all of the bears started burning bonfires in the widespread freeways. They used to assemble themselves in a circle and stare into the flame all night long. During the ritual, they intermittently get up from the fire to find barriers or hunt for firewood. The news media and police wanted to capture the occurrence and made sure they kept the local folks away from the ritual. The story begins when one family manages to get to a very close proximity of the bears’ social gathering due to a flat tire. (Whyte) The story begins with Chronicler driving with his brother and nephew, Wallace jr. to the North of Bowling Green, when he experienced a flat tire near a bear military camp. Their flash light goes out and the narrator had to change the tire in the dim glow of orange light that was coming from the torches held by two bears. â€Å"They just held the torches up, whether out of curiosity or for helpfulness, there was no way of knowing† (P:2, Bisson ) Afterwards, in the car, the narrator’s brother comments that it seemed like finally the bears had discovered fire. Use of fire is the well-built western icon of civilization and intelligence. This symbol is often used to separate humans from the animal kingdom. Fire describes humanity in a cultural level. The narrator states a number of events in the story that depict the decline of humanity in human beings. Meanwhile, bears are discovering what humanity and civilization is. One event was the disappearance of the narrator’s mother from a nursing home and

Theories of Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Child Development - Essay Example The child goes through certain phases in this development continuum with distinct periods in his life, such as toddler, preschooler, school aged and adolescent, to finally forming his own identity. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the more popular theories on child development. Discussion Although psychologists have put forward many theories regarding child development, it is the purpose of this brief paper to limit the discussions to only five of the more prominent ones. A child development theory is a set of organized principles designed to help adults understand a child and thereby contribute to his or her development through caring and teaching. The theories can help adults on what are the best ways to teach a child based on the aforesaid principles in the hope they will work to the best ways of bringing up the child, molding his thinking and influence his behavior. Psychologists and scientists are not totally agreed on which theory is the best which is why there a re many theories on child development. ... The strategy is to show to the child good and proper behavior in certain situations so they will know how to act in each situation as they grow older and eventually become adults. A social learning theory emphasizes that actions of parents and peers greatly influence an action of a child where the child acquires new skills and gains knowledge by new information shown by actions. Observation, imitation and modeling are the ways by which a child learns something new. This development theory was propounded by psychologist Albert Bandura as a mixture of behaviorist and cognitive learning theories proposed by other child psychologists. He believed there is cause and effect between external and internal reinforcements such as pride, satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment in a reciprocal loop such as in forming their sexual identities (Bandura, 1986, p. 94). A teacher must exhibit at all times appropriate behavior as children will mimic him or her. Cognitive Development Theory – thi s theory considers the child as a little scientist who goes on his own active role to gain new knowledge. Cognition (the acts or process of perceiving, knowing and making decisions based on experiences) in a child follows four distinct stages, this according to its foremost proponent, Jean Piaget (1896-1980). These are sensorimotor stage (up to age 2), the preoperational stage (up to age 7), concrete stage and formal operational stage. His theory further states that learning is best done by doing, that is interactively and the play process. This theory is applied in most pre-school and kindergarten centers, where kids are taught to have logical and abstract reasoning through use of graphic visualization (Oakley, 2004, p. 13). Socio-cultural Development Theory –